A tiny, fast JavaScript parser, written completely in JavaScript.
Acorn is open source software released under an
MIT license.
You are welcome to
report bugs or create pull
requests on github. For questions
and discussion, please use the
Tern discussion forum.
The easiest way to install acorn is with npm.
npm install acorn
Alternately, you can download the source and build acorn yourself:
git clone https://github.com/acornjs/acorn.git
cd acorn
npm install
npm run build
When run in a CommonJS (node.js) or AMD environment, exported values
appear in the interfaces exposed by the individual files, as usual.
When loaded in the browser (Acorn works in any JS-enabled browser more
recent than IE5) without any kind of module management, a single
global object acorn will be defined, and all the exported properties
will be added to that.
This is implemented in dist/acorn.js, and is what you get when yourequire("acorn") in node.js.
parse(input, options) is used to parse a JavaScript program.
The input parameter is a string, options can be undefined or an
object setting some of the options listed below. The return value will
be an abstract syntax tree object as specified by the
ESTree spec.
When encountering a syntax error, the parser will raise aSyntaxError object with a meaningful message. The error object will
have a pos property that indicates the character offset at which the
error occurred, and a loc object that contains a {line, column}
object referring to that same position.
NOTE: Only 'stage 4' (finalized) ECMAScript features are being
implemented by Acorn.
sourceType: Indicate the mode the code should be parsed in. Can be
either "script" or "module". This influences global strict mode
and parsing of import and export declarations.
onInsertedSemicolon: If given a callback, that callback will be
called whenever a missing semicolon is inserted by the parser. The
callback will be given the character offset of the point where the
semicolon is inserted as argument, and if locations is on, also a
{line, column} object representing this position.
onTrailingComma: Like onInsertedSemicolon, but for trailing
commas.
allowReserved: If false, using a reserved word will generate
an error. Defaults to true for ecmaVersion 3, false for higher
versions. When given the value "never", reserved words and
keywords can also not be used as property names (as in Internet
Explorer's old parser).
allowReturnOutsideFunction: By default, a return statement at
the top level raises an error. Set this to true to accept such
code.
allowImportExportEverywhere: By default, import and export
declarations can only appear at a program's top level. Setting this
option to true allows them anywhere where a statement is allowed.
allowAwaitOutsideFunction: By default, await expressions can only appear inside async functions. Setting this option to true allows to have top-level await expressions. They are still not allowed in non-async functions, though.
allowHashBang: When this is enabled (off by default), if the
code starts with the characters #! (as in a shellscript), the
first line will be treated as a comment.
locations: When true, each node has a loc object attached
with start and end subobjects, each of which contains the
one-based line and zero-based column numbers in {line, column}
form. Default is false.
onToken: If a function is passed for this option, each found
token will be passed in same format as tokens returned from
tokenizer().getToken().
If array is passed, each found token is pushed to it.
Note that you are not allowed to call the parser from the
callback—that will corrupt its internal state.
onComment: If a function is passed for this option, whenever a
comment is encountered the function will be called with the
following parameters:
block: true if the comment is a block comment, false if it
is a line comment.
text: The content of the comment.start: Character offset of the start of the comment.end: Character offset of the end of the comment.When the locations options is on, the {line, column} locations
of the comment’s start and end are passed as two additional
parameters.
If array is passed for this option, each found comment is pushed
to it as object in Esprima format:
javascript { "type": "Line" | "Block", "value": "comment text", "start": Number, "end": Number, // If `locations` option is on: "loc": { "start": {line: Number, column: Number} "end": {line: Number, column: Number} }, // If `ranges` option is on: "range": [Number, Number] }
Note that you are not allowed to call the parser from the
callback—that will corrupt its internal state.
ranges: Nodes have their start and end characters offsets
recorded in start and end properties (directly on the node,
rather than the loc object, which holds line/column data. To also
add a semi-standardized range property holding a
[start, end] array with the same numbers, set the ranges option
to true.
program: It is possible to parse multiple files into a single
AST by passing the tree produced by parsing the first file as the
program option in subsequent parses. This will add the toplevel
forms of the parsed file to the "Program" (top) node of an existing
parse tree.
sourceFile: When the locations option is true, you can pass
this option to add a source attribute in every node’s loc
object. Note that the contents of this option are not examined or
processed in any way; you are free to use whatever format you
choose.
directSourceFile: Like sourceFile, but a sourceFile property
will be added (regardless of the location option) directly to the
nodes, rather than the loc object.
preserveParens: If this option is true, parenthesized expressions
are represented by (non-standard) ParenthesizedExpression nodes
that have a single expression property containing the expression
inside parentheses.
parseExpressionAt(input, offset, options) will parse a single
expression in a string, and return its AST. It will not complain if
there is more of the string left after the expression.
getLineInfo(input, offset) can be used to get a {line, column} object for a given program string and character offset.
tokenizer(input, options) returns an object with a getToken
method that can be called repeatedly to get the next token, a {start, end, type, value} object (with added loc property when thelocations option is enabled and range property when the ranges
option is enabled). When the token's type is tokTypes.eof, you
should stop calling the method, since it will keep returning that same
token forever.
In ES6 environment, returned result can be used as any other
protocol-compliant iterable:
for (let token of acorn.tokenizer(str)) {
// iterate over the tokens
}
// transform code to array of tokens:
var tokens = [...acorn.tokenizer(str)];
tokTypes holds an object mapping names to the token type objects
that end up in the type properties of tokens.
Escodegen supports generating comments from AST, attached in
Esprima-specific format. In order to simulate same format in
Acorn, consider following example:
var comments = [], tokens = [];
var ast = acorn.parse('var x = 42; // answer', {
// collect ranges for each node
ranges: true,
// collect comments in Esprima's format
onComment: comments,
// collect token ranges
onToken: tokens
});
// attach comments using collected information
escodegen.attachComments(ast, comments, tokens);
// generate code
console.log(escodegen.generate(ast, {comment: true}));
// > 'var x = 42; // answer'
This file implements an error-tolerant parser. It exposes a single
function. The loose parser is accessible in node.js via require("acorn/dist/acorn_loose").
parse_dammit(input, options) takes the same arguments and
returns the same syntax tree as the parse function in acorn.js,
but never raises an error, and will do its best to parse syntactically
invalid code in as meaningful a way as it can. It'll insert identifier
nodes with name "✖" as placeholders in places where it can't make
sense of the input. Depends on acorn.js, because it uses the same
tokenizer.
Implements an abstract syntax tree walker. Will store its interface inacorn.walk when loaded without a module system.
simple(node, visitors, base, state) does a 'simple' walk over
a tree. node should be the AST node to walk, and visitors an
object with properties whose names correspond to node types in the
ESTree spec. The properties should contain functions
that will be called with the node object and, if applicable the state
at that point. The last two arguments are optional. base is a walker
algorithm, and state is a start state. The default walker will
simply visit all statements and expressions and not produce a
meaningful state. (An example of a use of state is to track scope at
each point in the tree.)
const acorn = require("acorn")
const walk = require("acorn/dist/walk")
walk.simple(acorn.parse("let x = 10"), {
Literal(node) {
console.log(`Found a literal: ${node.value}`)
}
})
ancestor(node, visitors, base, state) does a 'simple' walk over
a tree, building up an array of ancestor nodes (including the current node)
and passing the array to the callbacks as a third parameter.
const acorn = require("acorn")
const walk = require("acorn/dist/walk")
walk.ancestor(acorn.parse("foo('hi')"), {
Literal(_, ancestors) {
console.log("This literal's ancestors are:",
ancestors.map(n => n.type))
}
})
recursive(node, state, functions, base) does a 'recursive'
walk, where the walker functions are responsible for continuing the
walk on the child nodes of their target node. state is the start
state, and functions should contain an object that maps node types
to walker functions. Such functions are called with (node, state, c)
arguments, and can cause the walk to continue on a sub-node by calling
the c argument on it with (node, state) arguments. The optionalbase argument provides the fallback walker functions for node types
that aren't handled in the functions object. If not given, the
default walkers will be used.
make(functions, base) builds a new walker object by using the
walker functions in functions and filling in the missing ones by
taking defaults from base.
full(node, callback, base, state) does a 'full'
walk over a tree, calling the callback with the arguments (node, state, type)
for each node
fullAncestor(node, callback, base, state) does a 'full' walk over
a tree, building up an array of ancestor nodes (including the current node)
and passing the array to the callbacks as a third parameter.
const acorn = require("acorn")
const walk = require("acorn/dist/walk")
walk.full(acorn.parse("1 + 1"), node => {
console.log(`There's a ${node.type} node at ${node.ch}`)
})
findNodeAt(node, start, end, test, base, state) tries to
locate a node in a tree at the given start and/or end offsets, which
satisfies the predicate test. start and end can be either null
(as wildcard) or a number. test may be a string (indicating a node
type) or a function that takes (nodeType, node) arguments and
returns a boolean indicating whether this node is interesting. base
and state are optional, and can be used to specify a custom walker.
Nodes are tested from inner to outer, so if two nodes match the
boundaries, the inner one will be preferred.
findNodeAround(node, pos, test, base, state) is a lot likefindNodeAt, but will match any node that exists 'around' (spanning)
the given position.
findNodeAfter(node, pos, test, base, state) is similar tofindNodeAround, but will match all nodes after the given position
(testing outer nodes before inner nodes).
The bin/acorn utility can be used to parse a file from the command
line. It accepts as arguments its input file and the following
options:
--ecma3|--ecma5|--ecma6|--ecma7|--ecma8|--ecma9|--ecma10: Sets the ECMAScript version
to parse. Default is version 7.
--module: Sets the parsing mode to "module". Is set to "script" otherwise.
--locations: Attaches a "loc" object to each node with "start" and
"end" subobjects, each of which contains the one-based line and
zero-based column numbers in {line, column} form.
--allow-hash-bang: If the code starts with the characters #! (as in a shellscript), the first line will be treated as a comment.
--compact: No whitespace is used in the AST output.
--silent: Do not output the AST, just return the exit status.
--help: Print the usage information and quit.
The utility spits out the syntax tree as JSON data.
Acorn is written in ECMAScript 6, as a set of small modules, in the
project's src directory, and compiled down to bigger ECMAScript 3
files in dist using Browserify and
Babel. If you are already using Babel, you can
consider including the modules directly.
The command-line test runner (npm test) uses the ES6 modules. The
browser-based test page (test/index.html) uses the compiled modules.
The bin/build-acorn.js script builds the latter from the former.
If you are working on Acorn, you'll probably want to try the code out
directly, without an intermediate build step. In your scripts, you can
register the Babel require shim like this:
require("babel-core/register")
That will allow you to directly require the ES6 modules.
Acorn is designed support allow plugins which, within reasonable
bounds, redefine the way the parser works. Plugins can add new token
types and new tokenizer contexts (if necessary), and extend methods in
the parser object. This is not a clean, elegant API—using it requires
an understanding of Acorn's internals, and plugins are likely to break
whenever those internals are significantly changed. But still, it is
possible, in this way, to create parsers for JavaScript dialects
without forking all of Acorn. And in principle it is even possible to
combine such plugins, so that if you have, for example, a plugin for
parsing types and a plugin for parsing JSX-style XML literals, you
could load them both and parse code with both JSX tags and types.
A plugin should register itself by adding a property toacorn.plugins, which holds a function. Calling acorn.parse, aplugins option can be passed, holding an object mapping plugin names
to configuration values (or just true for plugins that don't take
options). After the parser object has been created, the initialization
functions for the chosen plugins are called with (parser, configValue) arguments. They are expected to use the parser.extend
method to extend parser methods. For example, the readToken method
could be extended like this:
parser.extend("readToken", function(nextMethod) {
return function(code) {
console.log("Reading a token!")
return nextMethod.call(this, code)
}
})
The nextMethod argument passed to extend's second argument is the
previous value of this method, and should usually be called through to
whenever the extended method does not handle the call itself.
Similarly, the loose parser allows plugins to register themselves viaacorn.pluginsLoose. The extension mechanism is the same as for the
normal parser:
looseParser.extend("readToken", function(nextMethod) {
return function() {
console.log("Reading a token in the loose parser!")
return nextMethod.call(this)
}
})
acorn-jsx: Parse Facebook JSX syntax extensionsacorn-objj: Objective-J language parser built as Acorn pluginPlugins for ECMAScript proposals:
acorn-stage3: Parse most stage 3 proposals, bundling:acorn-async-iteration: Parse async iteration proposalacorn-bigint: Parse BigInt proposalacorn-class-fields: Parse class fields proposalacorn-dynamic-import: Parse import() proposalacorn-import-meta: Parse import.meta proposalacorn-numeric-separator: Parse numeric separator proposalacorn-optional-catch-binding: Parse optional catch binding proposalacorn-private-methods: parse private methods, getters and setters proposalacorn5-object-spread: Parse Object Rest/Spread Properties proposalacorn-object-rest-spread: Parse Object Rest/Spread Properties proposalacorn-es7: Parse decorator syntax proposalacorn-static-class-property-initializer: Partial support for static class properties from ES Class Fields & Static Properties Proposal to support static property initializers in React components written as ES6+ classes